What does the term informed consent mean? 12. 13. Contrast the working conditions of black workers and white workers at the Sparrows Point Steel Mill. The Lacks family often treats the HeLa cells as though they were Henrietta; they speak to them as though they can hear (such as in Chapter 32 when Deborah warms a vial of her mother's cells in her hands, saying that she's cold), they refer to them as having agency and thought, and so on. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. 4. Gary explains that he believes Henrietta's cells are her, that God has given her immortal life as promised by Jesus in the Bible. 13. Henriettas cells have been bought and sold by the billions, yet she remains virtually unknown, and her family cant afford health insurance. How does Deborah Lacks initially respond to Skloots request for information? Chapter Six: Ladys On the Phone 1. Investigate the history of mental institutions in the United States. Sir Lord Keenan Kester Cofield attempted to sue Johns Hopkins and the Lacks family. He was the first journalist to contact the Lackses.Sir Lord Keenan Kester Cofieldattempted to sue Johns Hopkins and the Lacks familyTed Slavina hemophiliac whose doctor told him his cells were valuable. Before her death, she received treatment in a segregated colored ward at Johns Hopkins, the only hospital in Baltimore that would treat black patients. 5. In what other ways do scientists, corporations, and individuals profit as a result of HeLa? Not affiliated with Harvard College. Why do you think Deborah eventually decided to talk with Skloot? Mary Kubicek George Geys lab assistant who cultured HeLa cells for the first time. A smooth-talking con artist who pretends to be a lawyer in order to scam money from the Lacks family. WebIn Elsie's medical record is a photo of her looking unkempt and crying, which a white woman's hand around her throat. The Long Road to Clover 2009. Her work has been anthologized in several collections, including The Best Creative Nonfiction. He organizes a yearly HeLa conference at Morehouse in Henriettas honor.Stanley Gartler the geneticist who dropped the HeLa bomb when he proposed that many of the most commonlyused cell cultures had been contaminated by HeLaSusan Hsu the postdoctoral student in Victor McKusicks lab who was assigned to make contact with the Lacksesand request samples from them for genetic testing without informed consentVictor McKusick geneticist at Johns Hopkins who conducted research on samples taken from Henriettas childrenwithout informed consent to learn more about HeLa cellsWalter Nelson-Rees the geneticist who tracked and published the names of cell lines contaminated with HeLawithout first warning the researchers he exposed. Explain the specific reasons why Zakariyya feels disrespected. What does this term suggest about the values of the Lacks family? What did Deborah hope would happen as a result of the BBC documentary? She supported Henrietta during her illness. What does this allusion suggest about the tension between scientific discovery, and public perception and fear of such discoveries? The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. He became known as a vigilante. Deborah tells Rebecca she has just witnessed a miracle. 3. Stewart, Amber. Deborah clearly wasnt handling the stress of the day well. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service. 14. Compare the similarities between the fictionalized Law & Order episode and the true story of the Lacks family. She's not too concerned about the money. 6. Howard Jones Henriettas gynecologist at Johns Hopkins. 2. 9. He developed the techniques used to grow HeLa cells from Henriettas cancer tissue in his lab. Gary tells Deborah that her quest to find out about Elsie and Henrietta has been a way of honoring her mother. Explain what he means by saying this. What specific details let the reader know that sending Elsie away was difficult for Henrietta? Elsie Lacks was the second child of Henrietta Lacks. 4. What do the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Mississippi Appendectomies suggest about the history of African Americans and medicine? Chapter Twenty-Three: Its Alive 1. When Gary's usual methods of instilling calm don't work, he hugs Deborah and begins to recite verses from the Bible. Describe Rogerss interaction with the Lacks family. Explain how Davons heroic actions saved Deborahs life. How did TeLinde, Gey, and others at Johns Hopkins respond to Bergs request? What does this refrain suggest about their worldview and values? What did Gartler suggest about spontaneous transformation? She worried that something bad had happened to her sister in that hospital, and that maybe she was used in some kind of research like their mother. Do people have a right to sell their body, tissues, or organs if they wish? 4. 2. Why did David Lacks take Henrietta to the public wards at Johns Hopkins instead of a closer hospital? Purchasing Chapter Twenty-Two: The Fame She So Richly Deserves 1. Deborah submitted a request to have copies made of Elsie Lacks medical records, and Lurz left Skloot and Deborah with some archival documents to look through while he made the copies. 3. 3. Nothing to Be Scared About 2001. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Elsie Lacks: Henriettas Daughter, Committed to a Hospital. 14. 11. Meanwhile, Henrietta's family continued to live in poverty and frequently poor health, and their discovery decades later of her unknowing contribution--and her cells' strange survival--left them full of pride, anger, and suspicion. 2. Explain the numerous ways that the Lacks familys right to privacy was violated. The author uses several similes to describe cells. Chapter Two: Clover 1. creating and saving your own notes as you read. 3. He organizes a yearly HeLa conference at Morehouse in Henriettas honor. What did they want Joe to do? What was Elsies early life like? 6. 7. (including. What did Henriettas friends and family do when they found out that she needed blood? 3. WebThe hospital conducted pneumoencephalography on epileptic children, and Elsie likely would have been included. Delancey maintains that the public has not only memorialized those patient populations whom historical instances of purported abuse, neglect, and maltreatment once marginalized, but has also given those patients voice, agency, and, by extension, a measure of justice.. 6. A supervisor arrives, demanding to know why they are going through the records. Gladys Lacks Henriettas sister who disapproved of Henriettas marriage to Day. Describe how Deborah found out about her mothers painful death. Through the microscope, Deborah and Zakariyya watch their mother's cells divide in culture. 4. Do you find this story believable? WebElsie Lacks's treatment at Crownsville is a particularly painful episode in the history of mistreatment of black people at the hands of the medical profession. Walter Nelson-Rees the geneticist who tracked and published the names of the cell lines contaminated with HeLa without first warning the researchers he exposed. 2. What did Henriettas first doctor assume the source of the lump on Henriettas cervix was? 2. Where does he ask the burden to be placed? Who was the daughter of Henrietta Lacks that died only a few years after her mother? The Lacks family learns for the first time that Henriettas cells have been commercialized.1984 John Moore unsuccessfully sues his doctor and the Board of Regents of the University of California for property rights over his tissues. WebNeed help with Chapter 34: The Medical Records in Rebecca Skloot's The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks? Born on August 1, 1920 in Roanoke, Virginia, Lacks lived 31 years filled with joy, laughter, and dancing around the kitchen table with her children. Discuss the impact that witnessing the interaction between Gary and Deborahand, later, talking with Garyhad on Skloot. 3. Michael Rogers Rolling Stone reporter who wrote an article about the Lacks family in 1976. 5. Do you agree that Henrietta should have been correctly identified in order to give her the fame she so richly deserves, or do you think her anonymity should have been protected? What unusual characteristics of HeLa cells made them ideal for use in the polio vaccine trials? What does the use of the term a miserable specimen by Henriettas doctors reveal about their attitude toward her? GradeSaver, 23 March 2017 Web. How long did Henrietta wait between first telling her girlfriends that something didnt feel right and going to the doctor? 3. 2. 2. Henrietta was diagnosed with cervical cancer shortly after his birth. What made Day change his mind and allow the autopsy? These prompts guide students toward an in-depth analysis of the themes and issues central to the story of Henrietta Lacks, and several may promote outside reading or research. She helped raise Lawrences siblings after Henriettas death and advocatedfor them when she discovered they were being abused.Cliff GarretHenriettas cousin. Why did Deborah choose not to request a copy of her mothers medical records? The Hospital for the Negro Insane 2001. Given the fact that Elsie was in the hospital during this time period, it is likely that she was involved in these studies. Learn about the short and tragic life of Elsie Lacks, Crownsville and its atrocities, and how the records were found. Using the book as a guide, describe the process of scientific inquiry. She wonders aloud if her mother breastfed herand then feels sure that she Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Rebecca at last loses her cool, however, and this, surprisingly, makes Deborah relent. John Moore cancer patient who unsuccessfully sued his doctor and the regents of the University of California over the use of his cells to create the Mo cell line. Guided Reading and Discussion Questions are provided for each chapter. Consider Deborahs comment on page 276: Like Im always telling my brothers, if you gonna go into history, you cant do it with a hate attitude. In your own words, explain the paradox benevolent deception. 4. 13. In the Afterword, Skloot summarizes the main issues and legislation surrounding the collection and use of human tissue samples. 5. What do the Lackses believe Johns Hopkins did to black people? Lengauer then showed Deborah and Zakariyya how to look at the cells under a microscope. Cootie seems to know and understand a little bit about HeLa cells, but he believes that Henriettas spirit is still present in her cells. What obstacle almost kept her from doing so? 3. ABOUT THIS GUIDES WRITER Amy Jurskis holds a BA in English from the University of Georgia and an MAT from Agnes Scott College. She organized an effort to build a Henrietta Lacks museum.John Moorecancer patient who unsuccessfully sued his doctor and the regents of the University of California over the use of his cells to create the Mo cell lineMichael Goldauthor of A Conspiracy of Cells. Rebecca realizes that the simple language of the Bible (for example, Jesus saying "I give them eternal life and they shall never die") is more evocative and moving for many members of the Lacks family than the jargon-laden language of scientific texts. There were no further records concerning Elsie in Annapolis, so Deborah and Skloot drove on to Clover. Less than a year after her initial diagnosis, Henrietta succumbed to the ravages of cancer and was buried in an unmarked grave on her familys land. How did Deborah discover the truth about Cofield? The description His light brown face had grown tough with age, cracked but soft, like a pair of wellworn work boots, conveys a strong impression of Day Lacks. 4. In April of 1951, she underwent surgery to remove the larger tumor on her cervix. His manipulative behavior causes fear and stress for those involved. formations. 5. Describe the attempts Wyche made to get recognition for Henrietta and her family. 4. In classic and contemporary literature, what does it mean to be immortal? After her initial round of treatment, what did Henriettas doctors assume about the effectiveness of the radium therapy? Explore the role that journalists have played in influencing public attitudes toward the mentally ill, and altering how the mentally ill are diagnosed and treated. She was institutionalizeddue to epilepsy and died at age fifteen.Gladys LacksHenriettas sister, who disapproved of Henriettas marriage to DayJohnny PleasantHenriettas father. About The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Summary, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Video, Read the Study Guide for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Henrietta Lacks: Used as a Means to an End, The Nature of Henrietta Lacks' Immortality, Introduction to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Bibliography, View the lesson plan for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, View Wikipedia Entries for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Investigator and Author for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. What questions does Deborah have about her mother? Lengauer welcomes the family in, showing them the long freezers in which millions of Henrietta's cells are stored. for a customized plan. HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. Deborah and Rebecca visit Henrietta's grave, and Deborah insists that Rebecca take a photo of her with the picture of Elsie near her mother's grave, saying it will be the only photo of the three of them in the world. Elsie Lacks, Henriettas youngest child, had been committed to Crownsville Hospital Center for alleged cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and a diagnosis of idiocy (273). Deborah Lacks looking at her mother's cells for the first time, 2001, courtesy of Critics at Large http://www.criticsatlarge.ca/2012/05/in-every-person-universe-immortal-life.html, Henrietta Lacks born Loretta Pleasant in Roanoke Virginia in 1920, David Day Lacks Henriettas husband and cousin, Lawrence Lacks Henrietta and Days firstborn child. What is Lengauers attitude toward the HeLa contamination problem? How did Deborah react after reading about her mothers death? Why did advances in genetic research necessitate establishing the legal requirement that doctors or researchers obtain informed consent documentation prior to taking DNA samples from patients for research? WebHenrietta Lacks was a black tobacco farmer from the south who, in 1950, at the age of 30, she was diagnosed with aggressive cervical cancer. As Skloot tenaciously worked to gain Deborahs trust, Deborah struggled to understand what had happened to her mother and her mothers cells. 2. 6. Here's what you'll find in our full The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks summary : An avid reader for as long as she can remember, Rinas love for books began with The Boxcar Children. The campus is beautiful, but the two get the impression of some dark history here. He ended up abusing Deborah.Gary LacksGladyss son and Deborahs cousin. 5. Suduiko, Aaron ed. Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) Why do you think she responds this way? Lacks was a poor black tobacco farmer who died of cervical cancer in 1951 at the age of thirty-one, leaving a husband and five children. Why do you think Deborah tells Skloot that she just witnessed a miracle? WebWhat does Pattillo tell Skloot about Elsie Lacks? She is the Founder and President of the Henrietta Lacks Foundation. She says immortality doesn't sound all that great because you'd be lonely, but she also thinks that she'd be okay coming back as a HeLa cell line, so that she and her mother could do good in the world together. What legal options do the Lackses have? She could have had a stroke. Deborah submitted a written request for a photocopy of Elsies autopsy report. Each time they stopped, Deborah would approach strangers and, apropos of nothing, present them with the picture of Elsie and introduce Skloot as her reporter. Deborah would also pull over occasionally to relate to Skloot her latest idea about her mothers legacy; on one occasion, Deborah was near tears: She said she couldnt keep her eyes on the road because she kept looking at the copy of the picture of Elsie. What does this request tell you about her? The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks study guide contains a biography of Rebecca Skloot, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Do you agree with Pomerants suggestion that Gey should have finished his own research before releasing HeLa to the general public? 8. 3. 13. Why is the publication of this information troubling from an ethical and legal standpoint? Regardless of the truth of these hauntings, the stories of patient abuse and neglect, including that of Elsie Lacks, are even more horrifying to consider. 2. Allowing Skloot access gives some amount of liberation as well as the feeling that her mother's life had not Informed consent means that patients must be informed of a doctors or labs intentions relative to the use of their tissue, blood, or cells. 9. 3. Chapter Thirty-Eight: The Long Road to Clover 1. 3. Lucille Elsie Lacks (1939 - 1955) was the daughter of David Lacks and Loretta Pleasant. Extended Lacks FamilyAlbert LacksHenriettas white great-grandfather. A few minutes later, a jittery and anxious Deborah joins Rebecca in the room as Rebecca goes through Henrietta's medical records. She was institutionalized due to epilepsy and died at age 15. In 1955, the facility was 800 patients over capacity. What new perspective did she gain after these experiences? 5. At what point could compensation become coercive? The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. Her autopsy report reveals that she spent five years at Chapter Nine: Turner Station 1. All Thats My Mother 2001. Based on the results of the second study, what two things did Southam believe that injections of HeLa cells might be able to do? Why did Deborah and Skloot travel to Crownsville? Reports of patient abuse and neglect first began to surface in the 1890s. 6. Why did the Tuskegee Institute become involved in the mass production of HeLa cells? What crime did Joe commit? Give an example of propaganda that was used to fuel the publics fear and distrust of tissue culture. He ended up abusing Deborah. Summarize the pros and cons of giving patients legal ownership of their cells. Rebecca Skloot and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Background. Please provide all information in your posts. 5. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Chapter Thirty: Zakariyya 1. Before You Read Point out the differences between the genres of historical fiction and nonfiction. Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument, including whether the structure makes points clear, convincing, and engaging. Do you think she would have understood what was being asked of her? How has this right evolved over the course of American history? Using her summary as an outline, examine the evolution of laws concerning tissue research and write a persuasive paper on the issue of whether or not people should be given legal ownership of, and/or control over, their tissues. What physical ailments did Deborah suffer from as a result of the excitement and stress of seeing her mothers cells for the first time, and learning about Elsie? Chapter Twenty-Six: Breach of Privacy 1. How old were Henriettas oldest (Lawrence) and youngest (Joe) children when their mother died? Cliff Garrett Henriettas cousin. Currently, the journal prints essays on African American Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. She whispers to the vial, saying that Henrietta is famous, but no one knows it. Slavin founded Essential Biologicals, a company that sold his cells, and later cells from other people so individuals could profit from their own biological materials.Timeline1889 Johns Hopkins Hospital is founded.1912 Alexis Carrel claims to have successfully grown immortal chicken-heart cells.1920 Henrietta Lacks is born in Roanoke, Virginia.1947 The Nuremberg Code, a set of ethical standards for human experimentation, is produced as the result of a trial against several Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on prisoners during WWII.1951 George Gey successfully cultures the first immortal human cell line using cells from Henriettas cervix. 5. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Hospital for the Negro Insane 1. 5. What are the connotations of the term home-house? The majority of the samples were taken without consent.2005 Members of the Native American Havasupai tribe sue Arizona State University after scientists take tissue samples the tribe donated for diabetes research and use them without consent to study schizophrenia and inbreeding.2005 Six thousand patients join a lawsuit against Washington University, demanding that the university remove their tissue samples from its prostate cancer bank. What obstacle kept Deborah from realizing her dream of returning to school? He organizes a yearly HeLa conference at Morehouse in Henriettas honor.Stanley Gartlerthe geneticist who dropped the HeLa bomb when he proposed that many of the most commonly used cell cultures had been contaminated by HeLaSusan Hsuthe postdoctoral student in Victor McKusicks lab who was assigned to make contact with the Lackses and request samples from them for genetic testing without informed consentVictor McKusickgeneticist at Johns Hopkins who conducted research on samples taken from Henriettas children without informed consent to learn more about HeLa cellsWalter Nelson-Reesthe geneticist who tracked and published the names of cell lines contaminated with HeLa without first warning the researchers he exposed. This is where youll see your current point status and your earned rewards. Albert Lacks Henriettas white great-grandfather. Members of the Medical and Scientific Community. What information about the Lackses was published by McKusick and Hsu? WebSkloot and Deborah spent days together just talking about Henrietta and getting used to each other. As children they worked the tobacco fields together. He and his wife, Ethel, moved in with Day after Henriettas death to helptake care of the children. Skloot ends this chapter with Deborah deciding to finally give her access to Henriettas medical records. Rebecca says she won't (and she doesn't) and she smiles slightly, admiring Deborah's protectiveness of her sister. The hospital was grossly understaffed, and often housed abusive adults in with children. Why did they respond this way? What do the names of the creek and the river suggest about life in Lacks Town? 5. Specific cases to consider include the lawsuit filed by the Havasupai tribe against Arizona State University, the lawsuit filed by Texas parents over the collection of blood samples from their newborn children, and the controversy over the University of California at Berkeleys request that incoming freshman submit DNA samples. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. What stereotype or bias might this assumption be based upon? Susan Hsu the post-doctoral student in Victor McKusicks lab who was assigned to make contact with the Lackses and request samples from them for genetic testing without informed consent. The primary areas of connection are in the ELA standards for Reading: Informational Texts for grades 9-12 and in the literacy standards for Key Ideas and Details and Craft and Structure in History/Social Studies and Science/Technical Subjects. Chapter Eight: A Miserable Specimen 1. How did Rogers discover Henriettas real name? With so many aspects of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks to discuss, the fate of Deborahs younger sister, Elsie, sometimes goes unmentioned. 4. It is important to remember that this book is not just about HeLa and Henrietta, but also about the friendship between these two women, and so this night is a crucial turning point in that story. Members of the Medical and Scientific CommunityAlexis CarrelFrench surgeon and Nobel Prize recipient who claimed to have cultured immortal chicken-heart cellsChester Southamcancer researcher who conducted unethical experiments to see whether or not HeLa could infect people with cancerChristoph Lengauercancer researcher at Johns Hopkins who helped develop FISH, a technique used to detect and identify DNA sequences, and who reached out to members of the Lacks familyEmanuel Mandeldirector of medicine at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (JCDH) who partnered with Southam in unethical experimentsDr. What is mitosis? They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Why did Zakariyya decide to participate in research studies at Johns Hopkins? Why was Deborah unable to attend the National Foundation for Cancer Researchs Henrietta Lacks conference? Chapter Seventeen: Illegal, Immoral, and Deplorable 1. American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology. 10. 6. She was institutionalized due to epilepsy and died at age 15.Eliza Lacks PleasantHenriettas mother. Why do you think his interaction is so different from anyone the Lackses encountered at Johns Hopkins up until this point? As an attorney, Rina cant help analyzing and deconstructing arguments in any book she reads. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. Why are HeLa cells able to live beyond the Hayflick limit? 8. Describe Skloots visit to the Lacks family cemetery. 2. 3. About the Author REBECCA SKLOOT is an award-winning science writer whose articles have appeared in The New York Times Magazine; O, The Oprah Magazine; Discover; Prevention; Glamour; and others. Cast of CharactersImmediate Lacks FamilyDavid Day LacksHenriettas husband and cousinDavid Jr. Sonny LacksHenrietta and Days third childDeborah Dale LacksHenrietta and Days fourth childElsie Lacks (born Lucille Elsie Pleasant)Henriettas second born and eldest daughter. Explain your answer. 7. What did she promise to do for the Lacks family if and when the book was published? What do you think she expected to find? Within a few years, a company named Microbiological Associates would begin selling HeLa for profit.1952 Scientists use HeLa cells to help develop the polio vaccine.1953 HeLa cells become the first cells ever cloned.1954 The pseudonym Helen Lane first appears in print as the source of HeLa cells.1954 Chester Southam begins to conduct experiments without patient consent to see whether or not injections of HeLa cells could cause cancer.1957 The term informed consent first appears in court documents.1965 HeLa cells are fused with mouse cells, creating the first animal-human hybrid cells.1965 The Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York finds Southam and a colleague guilty of unprofessional conduct and calls for stricter guidelines regarding human research subjects and informed consent.1966 To ensure adherence to the new guidelines for research involving human subjects, the National Institutes of Health begins requiring the approval of Institutional Review Boards for any research they fund.1966 Gartler drops the HeLa Bomb and proposes that HeLa cells have contaminated numerous cell lines.1970 George Gey dies of pancreatic cancer.1971 In a tribute to Gey, Henrietta Lacks is correctly identified for the first time in print as the source of HeLa.1973 The Lacks family learns for the first time that Henriettas cells are still alive.1973 Researchers from Johns Hopkins take samples from Henriettas children to further HeLa research, without informed consent.1974 The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (the Common Rule) requires informed consent for all human-subject research.1975 Michael Rogers publishes an article about HeLa and the Lacks family in Rolling Stone. Doctors conducted research on patients without consent, including a painful procedure called pneumoencephalography, which involves replacing the fluid that protects the brain with helium in order to x-ray the skull. WebElsie stayed at a place that was known as The Hospital for the Negro Insane in which she was put there because of her diagnosis of epilepsy in that case Skloot and Deborah decided to go get the autopsy report and her medical records to get a background of what occurred inside of that place and what they found was horrifying.
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