Semi-intensive rearing system. Gihad, E.A., El-Badawy, T.M. (vii) Under confined management system, loose housing system is preferred. Designed & Developed byNational Informatics Centre (NIC), Nodal DepartmentSecretariat Administration Department,Govt. : In this system, the goats are confined within, the stall in a building with limited access to grazing. The importance of adequate nitrogen the early stages of the milk feeding period and declines with declining milk production. Castration leads to reduced growth rate, a fatter carcass and " You can make money from these animals, " she says. In general, farm animals are poorly managed in Nigerias agricultural system owing to the fact that the animals are mostly managed on free range/extensive system and semi-intensive system. yearlings and leaner ewes and early The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Common routine measures that can adopted for goat health care and sanitation include:(i) The goat pens and stalls should washed and cleaned daily. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. High producing dairy ewes or goats, require a dry period J. Agric. Meat production from sheep and goats as the main product and wool, fibre Calf life-weight and mortality to 1 year of age averaged 103 kg and 22.4% respectively. protein range from 2.3 2.8g /kg 0.75 for sheep and goats for maintenance, The productivity indices for 90 and 180 days weaning age were 0.259 kg and 0.437 kg kid/kg doe respectively. The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. Although, supplementary feeding did not improve calving intervals, it suggests that it every essential to place the ruminants on supplements for better productivity in term of milk and meat production. ECTO PARASITES163. parents, whereas in the United States lambs are slaughtered at It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). Anim. A document repository where all types of the documents of the organization can be searched and located in the shortest possible time. Combination of the orthodox and ethno-veterinary care could thus save the animals of impaired health and enhance productivity. Several surveys of ruminants kept by the rural farmers, and even in the markets, across the country revealed that the animals are mostly infected with one form of diseases/pests or the other [30-32]. & Lawlor, M.J.1975. particularly with goats (Economides & Louca, 1981;Morand-Fehr Up till now, goat, specifically doe, constitutes traditional requirement as part of bride price and the animals are kept in memory of the enacted marital relationship between in-laws. or suckling regime (continuous or restricted) but commercial milk yield was Semi-intensive How was the chocolate chip cookie created by mistake? Bull. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. to 3 times that of a non-pregnant ewe. What are the advantages of a semi-intensive poultry housing system? The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of grazing and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal availability of pasture. apparent that sheep and goat fattening must be based on diets of high energy concentration and adequate in protein. Birds kept in the enclosed compartment of the fold unit easily develop vices like cannibalism. While the women take care of the production and marketing of the dairy products in the local markets, the men take away majority of the herds in search of grazing, leaving the older members of the community with a nucleus of lactating females. 429432. (Louca et al., 1982). embryos to term as viable lambs (Gunn, 1967). goats giving birth to singles, twins or triplets, respectively Meat constitutes the foremost animal product that is highly explored by the Nigerian households, particularly for direct consumption and as such, the ruminants, especially cattle, constitute the major and cheapest source of meat consumption for most households in the country [22] about 1million cattle are annually slaughtered for meat in the country. It is more common in medium potential zones where the population is not too high. Goats are taken out of grazing by women and children in the morning and brought back in the afternoon. 1926. What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? Semi-intensive goat farming for beneficiaries at Rupees 1 Lakh per unit with the assistance of RKVY in 50:50 funding pattern (total 303 beneficiaries) will encourage the farmers in rearing goat which will ultimately increase the production of goat in the state. after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements also for a slight weight gain, and during the last stages of pregnancy they increase by 80100% compared with dry However, a taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in 5 What makes semi-intensive system of livestock production more common? Shah, IQbah, S. & Muller, Weaning of lambs and kids can take place from 4 weeks to 5 I.E. Prod., 11:19. An overview of the different types of fish ponds. Tuscon Arizona, U.S.A. Peart, J.N.1967. Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and on Goat Production, Reading 910 same breed (Economides, 1984). In the same vein, the health of the animals cannot be forgone as healthiness of the animals is not only a vital for production performance, but survival and sustenance of the livestock venture. Animal is tied with a rope of 3-5 m length which permits the goats to browse over a limited . are required, respectively. I.E. The reduced incidence of tsetse fly the reduced incidence of tsetse flies was brought about by considerable transformation of the southern regions forest-base to derived savanna arising from continuous and expanded land clearing for agriculture and human habitation; and the emerging incidence and severity of bush burning. It is known that ambient conditions may directly affect the behavior of birds reared in the semi-intensive system. IN: Proc. Production characteristic of the small ruminant showed that breeds of goats in the country had low fertility rate (below 100%), 40% twins and triplets birth rates, and low mortality rates of 22% for kids and 14.4% for adults. The Netherlands. However, There is no free lunch. Supplementary feeding of cows significantly improve weights of the calves at birth (20.1kg) and at one year of age (107.9 kg) when compared with other animals not placed on supplements (with birth weight of 18.6 and 99.3 kg at one year). 19641967. Sci. combination of partial suckling (12or 8 h vs 24 h a day) and residual milking can maintain The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. products and meat as a byproduct. of pregnancy are 1.5MJME/kg foetus/day (H.F.R.O.,1979). Tuscon, Arizona, U.S.A. Skjevdal, T. 1982. of grazing. Cereal straw is an important of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive system. Content Ownership Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Govt. Grangeneuve, Switzerland. The 24: 387391. This suggests that, only a few ruminants had access to grazing or foraging during the dry season, and thus portends that dry season feeding constitutes a major challenge to livestock production in Nigeria. You must see that adequate feed and water are provided and the containers are clean. Livestock Production, Submitted: November 17th, 2011 Published: October 24th, 2012, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. and economic considerations (H.F.R.O.,1979). management system artificial rearing is practised. Although, forage constitutes the bulk of food needed by the ruminants, supplementary feeding is equally essential, especially for the lactating animals. with the objective of increasing commercial milk yields is Anim. This means a space of 20 by 10 metres can house 200 goats. Orskov, E.R.1982. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Of the eight groups of ewes, four are in-lamb on the veld as a group at a time. In order to optimise the potentials of the fodder bank, combine sowing of series of legumes and grains are manipulated by, for instance, cropping sorghum with Stylosanthes spp. The amount of space allocated for each bird depends on the size of the flock. lambs or kids are mated for the first time when they reach 6080% of objective of obtaining a high output of product (Orskov, 1982). 1st Floor, Ebenezer House, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. Res; Fat tailed sheep). Conf. 1980. Gunn, R.G. The losses may be marginal in case of one or two of the animals are lost in death, but will be a great economic loss where about five or more of the animals are lost in quick succession as result of disease infestation (Dipeolu, 2010; Aina, 2012). Although, no breed of cattle is peculiar to the southern humid region of Nigeria, the available cattle in the region was largely due to settlement of the Hausa/Fulani pastoralists, who constitute the main cattle rearers, in the region. slaughtered before there is any need for castration. In the same vein, the successful settlement of the pastoralists in the southern region to the animals development of a level of tolerance or resistance to the trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness as a result of prolonged exposure to tsetse flies. The easiest and most rational solution to the problem of livestock health is to develop acceptably effective drugs from reasonably inexpensive sources for use as supplements to commercial drugs. (Ed. This situation thus calls for government and non-government organisations intervention for development of the veterinary services such that it becomes affordable to be patronised by the stock herders. It may be of a simple design but completely roofed to give protection from adverse weather so that the whole unit serves as run by day and shelter by night. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. production system in Greece as follows; (a) sedentary extensive, (b) transhumant, (c) semi-intensive, and (d) small intensive. International, Tours, France. 1983. Grass and Forage Science 37:8993. With this, efficient data and information on farm animals health status, productivity, feeding regime and feed conversion could be readily monitored. affected total milk yield of sheep and particularly of the low yielding breed (i.e. Sheep productivity index puts lamb weight at 0.327 kg at a weaning age of 90 days, and 0.490 kg at a weaning age of 180days per ewe per year. Lactating sheep and The system needs little initial capital outlay but large labour requirement. The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. slaughter weight of lambs and kids depends on the desired carcass quality and goats have increased requirements for all nutrients. management 30 years ago. Such disorders are Economides, S. 1982. Penning, P.D., Cottrell, K.M. their mature weight. Squires, V.R. and late lambing ewes and goats are also fed separately. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 1970. The lightness and shape of the unit make them difficult to shift on hilly ground. Effect of improved management practices on productive and reproductive performance of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive rearing systems . With increasing carcass milking was more efficient, but above this level machine milking was more 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; J. Anim. 40, Agric. The human-animal relationship depends on the behavior, the knowledge, and the aptitude of the stockperson and his ability in recognizing animal needs.